Gamzee will still get it done.  Caliborn only exists post-retcon so everything that’s happened to him wasn’t effected by the retcon.

Feferi was hit with a highly concentrated Hope powered blast.  While Gamzee is usually just hit with bullets or knives which don’t cause nearly the same amount of damage.  Also he’s a clown and you can’t keep down the clown.

The meteor crew rescued Jake, Jade and Jane from the Condesce.  And now they’re waiting for Arquiusprite to free Jane from her tieratop before they go over battle plans so they’re taking this brief moment of down time to just talk with each other.

Yes.  The kids’ first names are 4 letters long and their last names are either 6 or 7 letters.  6+7=13   The human naming scheme is a reference to the arch-number of homestuck 413.  Similar to how at the beginning of the story it was about 4 13-year old kids.

What exactly are you asking?  If you’re asking if trolls have bone bulges then yes, it’s been referenced many times.  But if you’re asking if troll bulges are the little tentacle doodad seen so often in fanart, then no, that’s not canon.

The meteor was passing through a dreambubble.  Those were dead Eridan and Feferis.

Jegus was a typo made by Dave here, fans in their bucket phase use it all the time and have the characters say it frequently in comics even though Jegus has only been used 18 times in canon, 4 times by Vriska and Karkat, 3 times by John, Dave and Terezi and once by Feferi.

Gog has a similar story only drawn even more out of proportion as it’s only used 3 times in the story, twice by Terezi and once by Dave

They thought that they were going to be playing separate sessions and competing with one another.  But surprise, they had to work together.

I did, in the ask explaining what it was.

You mean during the glitching parts?  We see Jane with Gcat at an ectobiology station hinting that she creates Gcat.  Every other part is seen later on in the story.