I assume she alchemized them like how Dave made his timetraveling turn tables

She was things related to it in the Clouds of Skaia, and yes they have the seven gates as seen in [S] Act 6 Act 4

No

Jane’s trollsona design was based off of a drawing by Shelby Cragg, who is the artist that does Calliope’s drawings. 

You can use godtier powers before you become godtier, like Terezi did with her Mind powers and John did with the Windy thing. Being godtier just gives you full mastery of those abilities. 

The anon didn’t ask if she was the only follower of the Sufferer, just if she was one in canon. 

Bec is a First Guardian and he has those powers because he was created with a special genetic code combined with the dog Halley. 

Yes. 

Yes they are. 

Only adult trolls fill the pails. As for what number of sweeps is considered an adult, that we do not know. We might find out in Hiveswap though.