There’s no point of reference in the Furthest Ring so there’s no way to tell how time passes or the distance between objects.

Karkat thinks Con Air actually sounds really good. 

Each blood caste has an alphabet of signs. Your ancestor determines your sign.

Probably stronger since she also punched Meenah in the face.

From what we’ve read the chess people are very long lived or even age-less. 

When Dave fought Jack he exploited the flow of Time as a weapon by using many time copies. When Rose charted a course to the new session she was using her Seer abilities to guide them on a most fortunate path. When Jade was grimbark she was a very active fighting presence using Space as a weapon. When John used his retcon powers he was acting as powerful carefree influence on the narrative. 

Sorry no.

She asked the cue ball if the Horrorterrors were evil and they took over her body.

Presumably yes, since she was in the same dream bubbles as them.

Yes I believe so.